macOS 使用 pip install 报错

报错内容

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error: externally-managed-environment

× This environment is externally managed
╰─> To install Python packages system-wide, try brew install
    xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.

    If you wish to install a Python library that isn't in Homebrew,
    use a virtual environment:

    python3 -m venv path/to/venv
    source path/to/venv/bin/activate
    python3 -m pip install xyz

    If you wish to install a Python application that isn't in Homebrew,
    it may be easiest to use 'pipx install xyz', which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. You can install pipx with

    brew install pipx

    You may restore the old behavior of pip by passing
    the '--break-system-packages' flag to pip, or by adding
    'break-system-packages = true' to your pip.conf file. The latter
    will permanently disable this error.

    If you disable this error, we STRONGLY recommend that you additionally
    pass the '--user' flag to pip, or set 'user = true' in your pip.conf
    file. Failure to do this can result in a broken Homebrew installation.

    Read more about this behavior here: <https://peps.python.org/pep-0668/>

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

解决方法

方法 1：避开检查文件

使用 homebrew 安装的 python 路径

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mv /opt/homebrew/Cellar/[email protected]/3.13.3_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED /opt/homebrew/Cellar/[email protected]/3.13.3_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED.bak

方法 2：安装虚拟环境

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# 创建虚拟环境
python3 -m venv [自定义虚拟环境路径]

# 进入虚拟环境
source [自定义虚拟环境路径]/bin/activate

# 使用 pip list 查看是否进入虚拟环境

# 退出虚拟环境
[自定义虚拟环境路径]/bin/deactivate